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November
2001
United Arab
Emirates
The
United Arab Emirates (UAE) is important to world energy markets because it
contains 98 billion barrels, or nearly 10%, of the world's proven oil
reserves. The UAE also holds the world's fifth-largest natural gas
reserves and exports significant amounts of liquefied natural
gas.
Note: Information contained in this report is the
best available as of November 2001 and can change.
GENERAL BACKGROUND
Economic growth has slowed
sharply in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) over the last year, as oil
prices have declined from the relatively high levels of 1999 and
2000. Still, real growth in gross domestic product (GDP) is
projected at 4.0% for 2001, after reaching 7.9% in 2000. The UAE
economy is somewhat more diversified than most of the other Persian Gulf
oil exporters, which has mitigated some of the effect of the fall in oil
prices.
Government Structure
The UAE is a federation of seven emirates - Abu
Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, and Umm
al-Qaiwain. Political power is concentrated in Abu Dhabi, which controls
the vast majority of the UAE's economic and resource wealth. The two
largest emirates -- Abu Dhabi and Dubai -- provide over 80% of the UAE's
income. In June 1996, the UAE’s Federal National Council approved a
permanent constitution for the country. This replaced a provisional
document which had been renewed every five years since the country’s
creation in 1971. The establishment of Abu Dhabi as the UAE’s permanent
capital was one of the new framework’s main provisions.
Other Industry
In recent years, the UAE has undertaken several
projects to diversify its economy and to reduce its dependence on oil and
natural gas revenues. The non-oil sectors of the UAE's economy presently
contribute more than two-thirds of the UAE's total GDP, and about 30% of
its total exports. The federal government has invested heavily in sectors
such as aluminum production, tourism, aviation, re-export commerce, and
telecommunications. As part of its strategy to further expand its tourism
industry, the UAE is building new hotels, restaurants and shopping
centers, and expanding airports and duty-free zones. Dubai has become a
central Middle East hub for trade and finance, accounting for about 70% of
the Emirates’ non-oil trade. The UAE has been a member of the World
Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995, and has one of the most open
economies in the region.
Foreign Affairs
The UAE and Iran continue to dispute the
ownership of three islands, Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunb
Islands, which are strategically located in the Strait of Hormuz. All
three islands were effectively occupied by Iranian troops in 1992. The
Mubarak field, which is located six miles off Abu Musa, has been producing
oil and associated natural gas since 1974. In 1995, the Iranian Foreign
Ministry claimed that the islands are "an inseparable part of Iran." Iran
rejected a 1996 proposal by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) for the
dispute to be resolved by the International Court of Justice, an option
supported by the UAE. In early 1996, Iran took further moves to strengthen
its hold on the disputed islands. These actions included starting up a
power plant on Greater Tunb, opening an airport on Abu Musa, and
announcing plans for construction of a new port on Abu Musa. In the
dispute, the UAE has received strong support from the GCC, the United
Nations, and the United States. Although Iran remains a continuing concern
for officials in Abu Dhabi, they have chosen not to escalate the
territorial dispute. Iran is one of Dubai’s major trading partners,
accounting for 20% to 30% of Dubai’s business.
Relations
between Saudi Arabia and the UAE also have shown some signs of strain
during recent years, due to Saudi development of the Shaybah oilfield,
with estimated reserves of 14 billion barrels of crude oil. The UAE and
Saudi Arabia do not have a precisely defined border in the sparsely
populated desert separating them, and the Shaybah field straddles
territory claimed by both governments. Saudi Arabia began production from
the Shaybah field in late 1998. The UAE has demanded an agreement to share
production from Shaybah.
OIL
The UAE contains proven crude oil
reserves of 97.8 billion barrels, or slightly less than 10% of the world
total. Abu Dhabi holds 94% of this amount, or about 92.2 billion barrels.
Dubai contains an estimated 4.0 billion barrels, followed by Sharjah and
Ras al-Khaimah, with 1.5 billion and 100 million barrels of oil,
respectively.
The
majority of the UAE’s crude oil is considered light, with gravities in the
32o to 44o API range. Abu Dhabi's Murban
39o and Dubai's Fateh 32o blends are the UAE's
primary export crudes. Most of the UAE’s oil fields have been producing
since the 1960s or early 1970s. Proven oil reserves in Abu Dhabi have
doubled in the last decade, mainly due to significant increases in rates
of recovery. Abu Dhabi has continued to identify new finds, especially
offshore, and to discover new oil-rich structures in existing
fields.
Under the
UAE's constitution, each emirate controls its own oil production and
resource development. Although Abu Dhabi joined OPEC in 1967 (four years
before the UAE was formed), Dubai does not consider itself part of OPEC or
bound by its quotas.
The UAE's
current OPEC production quota
(effective September
1, 2001) is 2.03 million bbl/d, and its crude oil production is the third
quarter of 2001 was 2.15 million bbl/d. OPEC has cut production
quotas three times in 2001, in February, April, and September. The
UAE's total capacity is 2.65 million bbl/d, making it second only to Saudi
Arabia for excess production capacity among OPEC member states.
The Abu
Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) is currently planning a limited opening
of UAE upstream oil production to foreign firms. The initial asset
sale will involve 28% of the offshore Upper Zakhum field, which currently
produces around 500,000 bbl/d. Bids have been solicited from
BP, Shell, ExxonMobil, and TotalFinaElf. The Japan Oil Development
Company (Jodco), which currently owns a 12% stake in the field, reportedly
also is interested. A decision on the sale is expected in early
2002.
Refining
The UAE has two refineries operated by ADNOC.
The Ruwais refinery underwent a $100-million upgrade in 1995 to a capacity
of 145,000 bbl/d. It produces light products mainly for export to Japan
and India. Fuel oil from Ruwais is sold as bunkers by ADNOC and also used
for domestic power generation. A $1.2-billion second-phase Ruwais
expansion is to include a new 135,000-bbl/d crude distillation unit, a
130,000-bbl/d fractionation plant, and expansion of residual oil
conversion facilities with a 40,000-bbl/d hydrocracker and a 36,000-bbl/d
visbreaker. ADNOC began processing condensate from the Bab and Asab fields
at the fractionation unit in May 2000. When the rest of the project is
completed by 2003, Ruwais’ total capacity will be around 415,000
bbl/d.
UAE has
four smaller refineries. Umm al-Nar, in Abu Dhabi, has a capacity of
88,500 bbl/d. Since its construction in 1976, the Umm al-Nar plant has
undergone debottlenecking as well as a recent expansion. The refinery
primarily supplies the domestic market. Metro Oil has a 90,000-bbl/d
refinery in Fujairah. The Emirates National Oil Company (ENOC) Jebal Ali
condensate refinery, with a capacity of 120,000 bbl/d, began operation in
Dubai in May 1999. A 40,000 bbl/d second-hand gasoline unit, owned by the
private firm ISO Octane, opened near Jebal Ali in May 2000.
Foreign Downstream Operations
In October 1998, the International Petroleum
Investment Company (IPIC), the UAE’s downstream investment outfit,
purchased 50% of the Hyundai Oil Refinery Company of South Korea for $500
million. The UAE is the second-largest crude oil supplier to South Korea
after Saudi Arabia. IPIC’s overseas holdings also include a 10% stake in
Spain’s CEPSA and a 19.6% share of Austria’s OMV.
NATURAL GAS
The UAE’s natural gas reserves
of 212 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) are the world's fifth largest after
Russia, Iran, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. The largest reserves of 196.1 Tcf
are located in Abu Dhabi. Sharjah, Dubai, and Ras al-Khaimah contain
smaller reserves of 10.7 Tcf, 4.1 Tcf, and 1.1 Tcf, respectively. In Abu
Dhabi, the non-associated Khuff natural gas reservoirs beneath the Umm
Shaif and Abu al-Bukhush oil fields rank among the world's largest.
Current natural gas reserves are projected to last for about 150-170
years.
Increased
domestic consumption of electricity and growing demand from the
petrochemical industry have provided incentives for the UAE to increase
its use of natural gas. Over the last decade, natural gas consumption in
Abu Dhabi has doubled, and is projected to reach 4 billion cubic feet per
day (bcf/d) by 2005. The development of natural gas fields also results in
increased production and exports of condensates, which are not subject to
OPEC quotas.
Projects
The past few years have seen the UAE embark on
a massive multi-billion dollar program of investment in its natural gas
sector including a shift toward natural gas-fired power plants and the
transformation of the Taweelah commercial district into a natural
gas-based industrial zone. An ambitious plan, the Dolphin Project,
to interconnect the natural gas grids of Qatar, the UAE, and Oman, also is
planned.
The second
phase of the UAE's $1-billion onshore natural gas development program
(OGD-2) at the Habshan complex located directly over the huge Bab oil and
natural gas field was completed in early 2001. This second phase included
the construction of four trains to process 1 bcf/d of natural gas, 300-500
tons per day (t/d) of natural gas liquids, 35,000-55,000 t/d of condensate
and up to 2,100 t/d of sulphur. Additional capacity expansion is
planned in the third phase, OGD-3, and will involve the construction of
two additional natural gas processing trains. Bids for a front end
engineering and design (FEED) contract for the project were solicited in
September 2001.
Another
project closely linked with OGD-2 is the Asab natural gas development
project, which was completed in 1999. The Asab development processes
around 830 million cubic feet per day (Mmcf/d) of associated wet natural
gas from the Thamama F and G reservoirs and produces up to 100,000 bbl/d
of condensate for processing at the Ruwais refinery. The natural gas also
will support other industries in Ruwais and be re-injected into Asab
reservoirs to maintain field pressure. The $700-million project was
awarded to Snamprogetti in June 1997 by UAE’s Supreme Petroleum
Council.
Supplying Dubai
Dubai’s natural gas consumption is expected to
grow by nearly 7% annually through 2005, due to expansion of the emirate's
industrial sector, a switch to natural gas by its power stations, and the
need for an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) system based on natural gas
injections for its dwindling oil formations. Dubai projects future demand
will average 810 Mmcf/d in 2005, with major swings between summer and
winter consumption patterns. Until mid-2001, Dubai’s entire natural gas
supply came entirely from fellow UAE member Sharjah, which transports
about 430 Mmcf/d. BP operates three fields and the 800-Mmcf/d Sajaa
processing facility in conjunction with the Sharjah government. In
May 2001, a pipeline from the Maqta area of Abu Dhabi to Dubai commenced
operation, delivering 200 Mmcf/d of natural gas. Pipeline throughput
is expected to eventually reach a maximum of 1.1 Bcf/d as Dubai's natural
gas demand grows.
The Dolphin Project
The Dolphin Project aims to develop links
between the natural gas infrastructures of Qatar, the UAE, and Oman, with
a possible future link to the Indian Subcontinent. It will allow the
export of non-associated natural gas from Qatar's massive offshore North
Dome field. A Statement of Principles for the project was signed in March
1999 between the UAE Offsets Group (UOG) and the Qatar General Petroleum
Corporation (QGPC). The two firms signed a natural gas sales
agreement in March 2001, with natural gas supplies to start in late 2005.
Estimated to cost $8-10 billion over the next decade, the project will
begin as a subsea pipeline from Ras Laffan in Qatar to a landfall in Abu
Dhabi, which will then be extended to Dubai and northern Oman. It will
start at 48 inches in diameter, narrowing to 30 inches by the time it
reaches Oman. In its initial phase, the pipeline is to carry 3 Bcf/d of
Qatari natural gas to the UAE and Oman, accounting for nearly 10% of total
world natural gas supplies shipped by pipeline.
In October
1999, UOG and ADNOC issued a joint declaration dividing up natural gas
distribution between them. Natural gas from the Dolphin Project will be
the exclusive supply for natural gas-fired power plants, except in the
Western Region of Abu Dhabi, and will also supply natural gas for ADNOC
contracts with Dubai. Natural gas from the Dolphin Project will use the
ADNOC distribution network until the project develops its own network. In
March 2000, UOG signed a contract with two foreign firms, TotalFinaElf and
Enron, after securing purchase agreements with Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and
Oman. Originally, the two main foreign firms participating in the
project were Enron and TotalFinaElf. In May 2001, however, Enron
announced that it was backing out of the project, and selling its 24.5%
stake back to UOG. UOG has been actively seeking another firm to
take Enron's place, and announced a short list of five companies - BP,
Conoco, ExxonMobil, Occidental, and Shell - in August 2001 to bid on
Enron's former stake.
The
proposed extension from Oman to Pakistan might be built in 2005 or
later. India also reportedly held preliminary discussions with the
UAE on natural gas supplies in mid-2001. This phase of the project is
dependent on Pakistan's ability to pay for the natural gas, which is
questionable given the current weakness of its economy. Current
regional tensions make an extension to India unlikely in the near
future.
ELECTRICITY
The UAE’s soaring demand for
electric power, coupled with volatile swings in peak loads, led the
Emirates in 1997 to form a Privatization Committee for the Water and
Electricity Sector. In early 1998, the committee called for a
comprehensive restructuring, including the elimination of the state-owned
Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Department (ADWED). ADWED was
transformed into a regulatory body, the Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity
Authority (ADWEA). The government plans to take a majority holding in the
new ventures with minority interests held by foreign firms. The
government may gradually privatize its shares through initial public
offerings (IPOs), allowing UAE nationals to become shareholders, though
this is uncertain.
TotalFinaElf and Tractebel were awarded a contract by ADWEA in
August 2000 for an upgrade to the Taweelah A-1 plant, which will also give
a 20% ownership stake to each of the foreign partners, with the rest
remaining with ADWEA. The upgrade will bring the capacity of the plant to
1,350 megawatts (MW).
Another
step in the reorganization is the expansion of the Taweelah cogeneration
facility. The expansion, known as Taweelah A-2, is the UAE’s first
independent water and power project (IWPP), and reached financial close in
April 1999. It is the second independent power project in the Gulf after
Oman’s al-Manah facility. With a price tag of some $800 million, the
expansion is to add about 763 megawatts (MW) of power and 50 million
gallons of desalinated water to the UAE’s supplies. The first 370-MW came
online in July 2000. The rest of the generating units became operational
in August 2001. The Taweelah A-2 project is run by Emirates CMS Power, a
joint venture between CMS Energy (40% ownership interest) and the
newly-formed Emirates Power Company (EPC) (60%).
The
al-Taweelah Power Company will manage the Taweelah B facility. The plant,
which currently has six 122-MW steam turbines and six 13 million
gallon-per-day (g/d) multi-stage flash units, is now undergoing a $360
million expansion. The addition of two new natural gas-turbine units will
bring the plant’s capacity to 1,220 MW and 103 million g/d of water.The
Umm al-Nar Power Company will operate the plant by the same name with a
1,215-MW, 97-million-g/d facility, which will be upgraded with two new 3.5
million g/d desalination units. The new units run on steam already
available at the site. The company also will operate the 120-MW Baniyas
station.
The Abu
Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority (ADWEA) signed a contract for the
Shuweihat IWPP project in August 2001 with a consortium of CMS Energy and
International Power PLC. The $1.6 billion deal provides for the
construction and operation of a 1,500-MW combined cycle plant with a
desalination capacity of 100 million gallons per day. Construction
is to begin in early 2002, with commercial operation set for
mid-2004.
The UAE
also is taking part in a $1-billion plan to build a regional power grid
throughout the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The first
phase of the plan would link Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar; the
UAE and Oman would join the grid in the second phase of the plan. GCC
electricity ministers signed a final agreement on the project in June
1999. The plan is based on the assumption that each country will have its
own unified power grid, and the UAE is doing its part by connecting all
the power stations along its western coast with the central region.
Sources for this report include: CIA World Factbook
2001; Dow Jones News Wire service; Economist Intelligence Unit ViewsWire;
Oil and Gas Journal; Petroleum Economist; Petroleum Intelligence Weekly;
International Market Insight Reports; U.S. Energy Information
Administration; WEFA Middle East Economic Outlook; World Gas
Intelligence.
COUNTRY OVERVIEW
President: Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan
Al Nahayan
Prime Minister: Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid al-Maktoum
Independence: December 2, 1971 (from United Kingdom)
Population (2001E): 2.4 million
Location/Size:
Persian Gulf between Oman and Saudi Arabia/30,000 square miles
Major Cities: Abu Dhabi (capital), Dubai, Sharjah, al-Ain
Languages: Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu
Ethnic Groups: Emirati (19%), other Arab and Iranian (23%),
South Asian (50%), other expatriate (Western and East Asian) 8%.
Religion: Muslim 96% (Shi’a 16%), Christian, Hindu, Other 4%
Defense (1998): Total manpower 64,500 (Army 59,000; Air Force
4,000; Navy 1,500)
ECONOMIC OVERVIEW
Currency: Dirham (AED)
Market
Exchange Rate (11/6/01): US$1 = 3.67 Dirhams
Gross Domestic
Product (2001E): $66.5 billion
Real GDP Growth Rate
(2001E): 4.0%
Inflation Rate (consumer prices)(2001E): 3.7%
Current Account Balance (2001E): $13.2 billion
Major
Trading Partners: Japan, United Kingdom, United States, Singapore,
Germany, South Korea, Iran, India
Merchandise Exports (2001E):
$64.9 billion
Merchandise Imports (2001E): $48.1 billion
Merchandise Trade Balance (2001E): $16.8 billion
Major
Export Products: Crude oil, natural gas, re-exports, aluminum, dried
fish, dates
Major Import Products: Manufactured goods,
machinery, and transportation equipment, food
Oil Export Revenues
(2001E): $17.0 billion
International Reserves (2001E):
$13.0 billion
ENERGY OVERVIEW
Minister of Petroleum and Mineral
Resources: Obeid bin Saif al-Nasiri
Proven Oil Reserves
(1/1/01E): 97.8 billion barrels
Crude Oil Production (3rd
Quarter of 2001E): 2.15 million bbl/d
OPEC Crude Oil Production
Quota (effective 9/1/01): 2.03 million bbl/d
Oil Consumption
(2001E): 331,000 bbl/d
Net Oil Exports (2001E): 1.8 million
bbl/d
Major Crude Oil Customers (2001E): Japan (60%), other Far
East (20%)
Crude Oil Refining Capacity (1/1/01E): 443,500 bbl/d
Natural gas Reserves (1/1/01E): 212 trillion cubic feet (Tcf)
Natural gas Production (1999E): 1.34 Tcf
Natural gas
Consumption (1999E): 1.11 Tcf
Net Natural gas Exports (1999E):
0.23 Tcf
Electric Generation Capacity (1/1/99E): 5.6
gigawatts
Electricity Production (1999E): 36.7 billion
kilowatthours
ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW
Minister of Electricity & Water:
Humayd bin Nasir al-Uways
Total Energy Consumption (1999E):
1.9 quadrillion Btu* (0.5% of world total energy consumption)
Energy-Related Carbon Emissions (1999E): 32.2 million metric
tons of carbon (0.5% of world total carbon emissions)
Per Capita
Energy Consumption (1999E): 652.7 million Btu (vs. U.S. value of 355.8
million Btu)
Per Capita Carbon Emissions (1999E): 11.2 metric
tons of carbon (vs. U.S. value of 5.5 metric tons of carbon)
Energy
Intensity (1999E): 43,616 Btu/$1990 (vs U.S. value of 12,638
Btu/$1990)**
Carbon Intensity (1999E): 0.7 metric tons of
carbon/thousand $1990 (vs U.S. value of 0.19 metric tons/thousand $1990)**
Sectoral Share of Energy Consumption (1998E): Transportation
(10.3%), Industrial (58.4%), Residential (16.2%), Commercial (15.1%)
Sectoral Share of Carbon Emissions (1998E): Industrial (56.7%),
Transportation (13.2%), Residential (15.6%), Commercial (14.5%)
Fuel Share of Energy Consumption (1999E): Oil (38.2%), Natural
gas (61.8%), Coal (0.0%)
Fuel Share of Carbon Emissions (1999E):
Natural gas (54.2%), Oil (45.8%), Coal (0.0%)
Renewable Energy
Consumption (1998E): 0.71 trillion Btu* (0% increase from 1997)
Number of People per Motor Vehicle (1998): 71.4 (vs. U.S. value
of 1.3)
Status in Climate Change Negotiations: Non-Annex I
country under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(ratified December 29th, 1995). Not a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol.
Major Environmental Issues: Lack of natural freshwater
resources being overcome by desalination plants; desertification; beach
pollution from oil spills.
Major International Environmental
Agreements: A party to Conventions on Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping and Ozone Layer
Protection. Has signed, but not ratified, Biodiversity and Law of
the Sea.
*
The total energy consumption statistic includes petroleum, dry natural
gas, coal, net hydro, nuclear, geothermal, solar, wind, wood and waste
electric power. The renewable energy consumption statistic is based on
International Energy Agency (IEA) data and includes hydropower, solar,
wind, tide, geothermal, solid biomass and animal products, biomass natural
gas and liquids, industrial and municipal wastes. Sectoral shares of
energy consumption and carbon emissions are also based on IEA data.
**GDP based on EIA International Energy Annual 1999
OIL AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES
Organizations: Abu Dhabi National Oil
Company (ADNOC); Operates three main oil and natural gas operating
companies, five Service companies, three joint ventures to fully utilize
the produced natural gas, two maritime transport companies for crude oil,
refined product and LNG and one refined product distribution company.
Major Refineries: Ruwais (145,000 bbl/d), Emirates National Oil
Company (ENOC) - Dubai (120,000), Umm al-Nar (88,500 bbl/d), Metro Oil
(Fujairah)(90,000 bbl/d)
Major Natural gas Processing Plants:
Bab, Bu Hasa, Das Island, Habshan (2), Jebel Ali, Ruwais
Major Oil
Fields: Abu Dhabi: ‘Asab, Bab, Bu Hasa, Al-Zakum Dubai:
Fallah, Fateh, Southwest Fateh, Margham, Rashid Sharjah: Mubarak
(near Abu Musa Island)
Major Associated Natural gas Fields:
Abu Dhabi: Abu al-Bukhush, Bab, Bu Hasa, Umm Shaif, Zakum
Ports: Abu Dhabi: Das Island, Delma Island, Jebel as
Dhanna, Ruwais, Abu al Bukhush, Al Mubarraz, Zirku Island, Port Zayed, Umm
al Nar Dubai: Jebel Ali, Fateh, Port Rashid Sharjah: Mubarak
Links
For more
information from EIA on United Arab Emirates, please see:
EIA - Country Information on
the United Arab Emirates
Links to
other U.S. government sites:
CIA World Factbook - United
Arab Emirates
U.S. State Department Country
Commercial Guide - United Arab Emirates (requires Adobe Acrobat Reader)
U.S. State Department Report
on Economic Policy and Trade Practices - United Arab Emirates
U.S. State Department Consular Information Sheet -
United Arab Emirates
U.S. Embassy, Abu Dhabi
U.S. Department of Energy -
Office of Fossil Energy - International section - United Arab Emirates
The
following links are provided solely as a service to our customers, and
therefore should not be construed as advocating or reflecting any position
of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) or the United States
Government. In addition, EIA does not guarantee the content or accuracy of
any information presented in linked sites.
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC)
Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority (ADWEA)
Dolphin Energy
ArabNet: United Arab Emirates
University of Texas Center for
Middle Eastern Studies - United Arab Emirates
Maps of the Middle East
MENA Petroleum Bulletin
AME Info Middle East Business Information
Planet Arabia.com
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