Home >Country Analysis Briefs>Iraq |
|
Page Links |
Printer-Friendly
Version, PDF Version, PDA Version March 2002
Iraq
Iraq holds more than 112 billion barrels of oil - the world's second largest proven reserves. Iraq also contains 110 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and is a focal point for regional security issues. Note: The information contained in this report is the best available as of March 2002 and can change. Also, please click here for a complete chronology of events pertaining to Iraq from 1980 through 2001. GENERAL BACKGROUND On February 26, 2001, US Secretary of State Colin Powell proposed a modification of sanctions on Iraq, more carefully targeting them towards military items sought by the Iraqi government, while allowing freer movement of civilian goods. In early May, Powell stated that the United States wanted "to revise the sanctions policy so that it is directed exclusively at preventing Iraq from a military buildup and developing weapons of mass destruction." In early July 2001, facing an almost certain Russian veto, the UN Security Council agreed to postpone indefinitely a vote on the U.S. "smart sanctions" plan, and extended the oil-for-food program another 5 months. Following this, Iraq resumed oil exports, which it had halted on June 4 in protest of the plan. In late November 2001, the oil-for-food program was renewed again, but this time with an agreement to reform the program, more in line with the U.S. "smart sanctions" idea, when it comes up for renewal again in late May 2002. In January 2001, Iraq signed free-trade deals with Egypt and Syria, and in August 2001, Syria's Prime Minister visited Baghdad. In April 2001, Iraqi Vice President Taha Hussein Ramadan met Russian President Vladimir Putin, the highest-level Iraqi-Russian contact in several years. In June 2001, however, in an apparent blow to Iraqi-Saudi relations, Saudi Arabia announced that it had seized ownership of the 1.6-million-barrel-per-day IPSA pipeline that had carried Iraqi crude oil to the Saudi Red Sea port of Yanbu (Mu'jiz) prior to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The seizure included pumping stations, storage tanks, and the maritime terminal. Saudi Arabia claimed that the pipeline was confiscated as a result of aggressive Iraqi actions. Iraq insisted that it still owned the pipeline. In another negative development, in September 2001, Iraq's foreign minister, Dr. Naji Sabri, warned Kuwait over oil production near the Iraqi-Kuwait border, specifically at the al-Rakba field, an extension of Iraq's al-Rumaila field. In a letter to the Arab League, Kuwait denied Iraq's charges that it was pumping Iraqi oil illegally, saying that "Kuwait does not steal oil from Iraq." Since the end of the Gulf War in 1991, the United States and the United Kingdom have maintained "no-fly zones" over Iraq, and also have carried out occasional bombing of various targets, primarily in reaction to perceived threats to allied aircraft. U.N. weapons inspectors were expelled from Iraq in December, 1998, and the United States responded at the time with a several-day bombing campaign of Iraq, called "Operation Desert Fox." OIL Iraqi oil reserves vary widely in quality, with API gravities in the 24o to 42o range. Iraq's main export crudes come from the country's two largest active fields: Rumaila and Kirkuk. The southern Rumaila field produces three streams: Basra Regular (normally 34o API, 2.1% sulfur, but apparently deteriorating); Basra Medium (30o API, 2.6% sulfur); and Basra Heavy (22o-24o API, 3.4% sulfur). The northern Kirkuk field, first discovered in 1927, normally produces 37o API, 2% sulfur crude, although the API gravity reportedly has fallen in recent years. An additional export crude, known as "Fao Blend," is heavier and more sour, with a 27o API and 2.9% sulfur. In September 1999, more than 50 foreign companies attended an oil and natural gas technology exhibition in Baghdad, the first such gathering in 10 years. Most of the firms were from the Canada, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. No U.S. firms attended, although a high-level Iraqi oil official has stated that Iraq is ready to deal with U.S. oil companies. To help attract foreign investment to the country's energy sector, Iraq's oil ministry has introduced amendments to existing development and production contracts (DPCs). Among other things, the duration of DPCs has been reduced from 23 to 12 years. In addition, Iraq has added a clause referring to "an explicit commitment to achieve target production within a set period." Production Among other challenges in maintaining, let alone increasing, oil production capacity, is Iraq's battle with "water cut," especially in the south. In October 1999, oil consulting firm Saybolt International reported that Iraq has been able to increase its oil production through use of short-term techniques not generally considered acceptable in the oil industry. A UN report in June 2001 said that Iraqi oil production capacity would fall sharply unless technical and infrastructure problems were addressed. The report estimated, for instance, that production in the Kirkuk region could fall by 50% over 12 months, to 500,000 bbl/d, and that output at South Rumaila also could be reduced sharply unless immediate actions were taken. Iraq hopes to counter this by a large-scale program to drill new wells (417 are planned, most of which are to be carried out by Russian, Chinese, Iraqi, and Romanian companies). Exports During 2001, Iraq averaged official (i.e., UN monitored) net oil exports of around 2 MMBD, although this number fluctuated greatly through the year. Besides the 90,000 bbl/d or so going to Jordan legally (i.e., with UN permission, and under a protocol between Iraq and Jordan), and the 450,000-500,000 bbl/d or so consumed domestically, the rest (not counting illegally smuggled oil and oil products) was exported either through the Iraq-Turkey pipeline or the Persian Gulf port of Mina al-Bakr. Although U.N. Resolution 986 mandates that at least half of the "oil-for-food" exports must transit through Turkey, it appears that in recent months more Iraqi oil (close to three-quarters) has been exported via Mina al-Bakr rather than via Ceyhan, in part due to a shift in oil exports away from Europe and the United States and towards Asia due in part to the UN's "retroactive pricing" plan (see below for more details). In general, Mina al-Bakr is used for Iraqi oil exports to Asia, while Ceyhan is used for Europe. Iraqi oil commonly is sold initially to Russian firms (i.e., Emerkom, Kalymneftegas, Machinoimport, Rosnefteimpex, Sidanco, Slavneft, Soyuzneftegaz, Tatneft, and Zarubzhneft), with other large purchasers including Italian (Italtech), Malaysian (Mastek), French and Chinese companies. Oil is then resold to a variety of oil companies, including 778,000 bbl/d during 2001 to the United States through third parties, such as Swiss company Glencore. Nearly 80% of Basra Light liftings, and over 30% of Kirkuk oil, went to the United States during 2001. Large importers to the United States in 2001 included ExxonMobil, Chevron, Citgo, BP, Marathon, Coastal, Valero, Koch, and Premcor. In addition to U.N.-sanctioned oil exports to Jordan, which are currently carried by truck (plans for a 250,000-bbl/d, $530-million pipeline to Jordan's Zarqa oil refinery were approved by Jordan's cabinet in December 2001), there have been periodic reports that Iraq has smuggled up to 450,000 bbl/d of crude oil and products, worth an estimated $3 billion (or more) per year, via a number of routes. These include: 1) to Turkey (as high as 100,000-150,000 bbl/d, mainly of fuel oil) by truck through the Habur border point (reportedly, this smuggling was stopped from September 18, 2001 through January 7, 2002); 2) to Jordan (possibly 10,000-30,000 bbl/d above domestic needs) by truck; 3) to Syria (150,000-200,000 bbl/d or more; see above for details), mainly via the Kirkuk-Banias pipeline; 4) to Iran along the Gulf coast and via Qais Island; and 5) to Dubai with the use of small tankers sailing from Umm Qasr. Press reports also have estimated that these illegal shipments may be providing Iraq with as much as $600 million-$2 billion per year in illegal revenues. In November 2000, numerous press reports indicated that Syria and Iraq had reopened the 552-mile-long, Kirkuk-Banias pipeline, with the Middle East Economic Digest (MEED) reporting initial deliveries of Iraqi crude oil through the line (and also possibly by rail) at around 140,000-150,000 bbl/d (capacity prior to 1982 was 300,000 bbl/d). The oil, most likely Basra Light, reportedly is being used in Syrian domestic refineries, thus freeing up more Syrian oil for export to world markets, earning Syria extra hard currency oil export revenues (and also earning Saddam Hussein significant revenues outside the UN "oil for food" program). Since Iraqi oil exports are allowed only via approved export routes, use of the Kirkuk-Banias line would represent a potentially serious breach of UN sanctions against Iraq. On January 23, 2001, the Bush administration offered to allow Iraqi oil exports through Syria as long as they were regulated by the UN "oil-for-food" program. In January 2002, the United Kingdom directly accused Syria of violating UN sanctions on Iraq by shipping over 100,000 bbl/d of Iraqi oil to Syria without UN permission. In April 2000, the U.S. Navy stopped a Russian tanker, the Akademik Pustovoit, which it suspected might be smuggling Iraqi oil. The United Nations later determined that around 20% of the vessel's gasoil cargo (which Shell said it owned) was of Iraqi origin. In April 2001, an Iraqi-owned vessel -- the Zainab -- sunk off the Dubai coast, leaking over 1,000 tons of smuggled diesel oil and polluting Gulf waters and UAE beaches. At least two other ships smuggling Iraqi oil sunk during 2001 -- one off the Kuwaiti coast in October, and one in November. During 2001, Iraqi oil smuggling through Iranian waters reportedly was reduced significantly (possibly 50%), as Iran increased its efforts at stopping suspect vessels. In October 2001, the United Nations discovered that two oil shipments on the "Essex" had been "topped off" after UN inspectors had signed off, adding some 500,000 barrels of crude oil to the ship. The Essex was chartered by trader Trafigura, run by former employees of Marc Rich. On October 31, 2000, the UN Sanctions Committee approved an Iraqi request to be paid in Euros, rather than U.S. dollars, for oil exported under the "oil for food" program. On November 16, Iraq's State Oil Marketing Organization (SOMO) demanded that companies lifting cargoes of Iraqi crude oil begin paying a fifty cent per barrel surcharge directly to the Iraqi government (in violation of UN sanctions) starting on December 1, 2000. On December 13, Iraq resumed exports of crude oil after a disruption of nearly two weeks due to a dispute over this issue. In April 2001, the US State Department urged US oil companies to "take all necessary steps to ensure that any Iraqi-origin crude you acquire has not been tainted by the payment...of an illegal surcharge." In late September 2001, the UN Security Council considered a U.K. proposal (supported by the United States) to alter the duration (from 30 days to 15 days) whereby Iraqi oil prices are set. The United States and the United Kingdom were concerned that Iraq was using oil price fluctuations to impose a de facto surcharge on oil purchasers, and that this money was going directly to the Iraqi government outside of UN control. This was also part of a continuing effort by the United States, the United Kingdom, and others to stop Iraq from forcing buyers to pay a $0.30-$0.60 per barrel surcharge, paid directly to the Iraqi government. In early 2001, as part of an effort to halt illegal surcharges, the UN shifted to a system of "retroactive pricing" for Iraqi crude oil exports, under which Iraqi oil exports to the United States and Europe (but not Asia) are priced based on oil market developments through the end of the period covered by a particular oil delivery contract. This effort appears to have been at least partly successful in reducing illegal surcharges, and may also have had the side effect of reducing Iraqi oil exports in recent weeks. Iraqi oil (Kirkuk and Basra Blend) bound for the United States is priced off West Texas Intermediate, while for Europe, Iraqi oil is priced off of dated Brent. Oil Field Development, War, and Current Status The Kirkuk field, with over 10 billion barrels in remaining proven oil reserves, forms the basis for northern Iraqi oil production. Bai Hassan, Jambur, Khabbaz, Saddam, and Ain Zalah-Butmah-Safaia are the other currently-producing oil fields in northern Iraq. An estimated 60% of Northern Oil Company's (NOC) facilities in northern and central Iraq were damaged during the Gulf War. In 2001, output from all northern fields (Kirkuk, Bai Hassan, Jambar, Khabbaz, Saddam, Safiya, and 'Ain Zalah/Butnah) was around 1 MMBD. In December 2001, the Turkish Petroleum International Corporation won a U.N.-approved contract to drill for oil in northern Iraq, specifically at the Khurmala field near Kirkuk. Two Russian companies -- Tatneft and Zarubezhneft -- have won UN-approved upstream contracts at the Bai Hassan, Kirkuk, and Saddam fields. Tatneft is to drill 78 new wells in Iraq, marking the largest foreign company oil involvement in Iraq since 1990. In early December 1999, Russian energy company Zarubezhneft said that it was drilling multiple wells at Kirkuk, and that this did not violate U.N. sanctions (Russian officials have denied that any work was being done). Zarubezhneft hopes to boost Kirkuk production capacity from its current 900,000 bbl/d to around 1.1 MMBD. Iraq's southern fields -- mainly North and South Rumaila, plus al-Zubair, the Missan fields, West Qurna, Luhais, and Bin Umar -- produced around 1.5 MMBD in 2001. Zarubezhneft also has a contract to drill approximately 100 wells in the North Rumaila field. In January 2002, Tunisia signed a deal with Iraq to develop an oilfield near the southern province of Najaf. Another major Iraqi oil field is the 11-billion barrel East Baghdad field, which came online in April 1989. This centrally-located field currently produces 50,000 bbl/d of heavy, 23o API oil as well as 30 million cubic feet per day (Mmcf/d) of associated natural gas. In March 2000, U.N. Security Council agreed to double the spending cap for oil sector spare parts and equipment (under Resolution 1175 of June 20, 1998), allowing Iraq to spend up to $600 million every 6 months repairing oil facilities. U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan had warned of a possible "major breakdown" in Iraq's oil industry if spare parts and equipment were not forthcoming. In August 2000, a senior Iraqi oil official stated that delays by the United Nations in approving contracts to upgrade Iraq's oil sector were threatening production levels. The United States has said that the $300 million should be used only for short-term improvements to the Iraqi oil industry, and not to make long-term repairs. As of early January 2002, the head of the UN Iraq Program, Benon Sevan, expressed "grave concern" at the volume of "holds" put on contracts for oilfield equipment, and stated that the entire program was threatened with paralysis. According to Sevan, these holds amounted to nearly 2,000 contracts worth about $5 billion, about 80% of which reportedly were "held" by the United States. Overall, Iraq has imported about $1.2 billion worth of equipment to upgrade oil facilities over the past three years under the "oil-for-food" program. Sevan also said that retroactive pricing was resulting in lower Iraqi oil exports, and therefore revenues, under the "oil-for-food" program. The Post-U.N. Sanctions Development Plan Russia, which is owed several billions of dollars by Iraq for past arms deliveries, has a strong interest in Iraqi oil development, including a $3.5-billion, 23-year deal with to rehabilitate Iraqi oilfields, particularly the 15-billion-barrel West Qurna field (located west of Basra near the Rumaila field). Since an agreement was signed in March 1997, Russia's Lukoil (the operator, heading a Russian consortium plus an Iraqi company to be selected by the Iraqi government) has prepared a plan to install equipment with capacity to produce 100,000 bbl/d from West Qurna's Mishrif formation. Meanwhile, in August 2000, Iraqi engineers reportedly completed work on two degassing stations at West Qurna, with two more planned, potentially raising production at the field (one of the world's largest) to around 400,000 bbl/d. West Qurna is believed to have potential production capacity of up to 1 MMBD. In October 1999, Russian officials reportedly said that Iraq had accepted a Russian request to delay work on West Qurna given the continuation of U.N. sanctions. This followed an Iraqi warning that Lukoil could lose its contract (and possibly be replaced by another Russian company) at West Qurna if it did not begin work immediately (Lukoil has been restrained from doing so by U.N. sanctions). As of February 2002, however, Lukoil had not begun work on West Qurna. In October 2000, the Iraqi Oil Ministry expressed frustration with the slow pace of progress by Russian and Chinese firms, and in January 2001, Shell announced that it had held talks with the Iraqi Oil Ministry regarding "potential opportunities" at the 1-billion-barrel Ratawi oilfield. In March 2001, the Deputy Oil Minister announced that Iraq might terminate contracts with the Chinese and Russian companies. In October 2001, a joint Russian-Belarus oil company, Slavneft, signed a $52 million service contract with Iraq on the billion-barrel, Suba-Luhais field in southern Iraq, and expecting to sign a service contract to begin drilling later this year. Full development of Suba-Luhais could result in production of 100,000 bbl/d at a cost of $300 million over three years. The Saddam field contains 3 billion barrels of oil and 5 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of associated gas. Iraq is seeking foreign assistance for a second-phase Saddam development, which would raise oil production capacity to 50,000 bbl/d, as well as 300 Mmcf/d of gas. In early April 2001, Russia's Tatneft and Zarubezhneft reportedly received UN approval to drill 45 wells in the Saddam field, plus Kirkuk and Bai Hassan, as part of an effort to reduce water incursion into the fields. As of February 2002, however, work on these fields had yet to begin. The largest of the fields is Majnoon, with reserves of 10-30 billion barrels of 28o-35o API oil, and located 30 miles north of Basra on the Iranian border. French company TotalFinaElf reportedly has negotiated with Iraq on development rights for Majnoon. Output at the field is expected to begin at around 20,000 bbl/d by the end of 2002, with later development yielding 80,000 bbl/d, and ultimately up to 500,000 bbl/d. In July 2001, angered by France's perceived support for the U.S. "smart sanctions" plan, Iraq announced that it would no longer give French companies priority in awarding oil contracts, and would reconsider existing contracts as well. Iraq also announced that it was inclined to favor Russia, which has been supporting Iraq at the UN Security Council, on awarding rights to Majnoon and another large southern oil field, Nahr Umar. TotalFinaElf apparently has all but agreed with Iraq on development
of the Nahr Umar field. Initial output from Nahr Umar is expected to be
around 440,000 bbl/d of 42o API crude, but may reach 500,000
bbl/d with more extensive development. The 5-billion barrel Halfaya
project is the final large field development in southern Iraq. Several
companies (BHP, CNPC, Agip) reportedly have shown interest in the field,
which ultimately could yield 200,000-300,000 bbl/d in output.
Smaller fields with under 2 billion barrels in reserves also are
receiving interest from foreign oil companies. These fields include
Nasiriya (Agip, Repsol), Tuba (Sonatrach, Pertamina, Reliance), Ratawi
(Shell, Petronas, CanOxy, Crescent), Gharaf (Japex, TPAO), and more.
Italy's Agip and Spain's Repsol appear to be strong possibilities to
develop Nasiriya. In addition to the 25 new field projects, Iraq plans to offer
foreign oil companies service contracts to apply technology to 8
already-producing fields. Meanwhile, Iraq has authorized "risk contracts"
to promote exploration in the nine remote Western Desert blocs. Iraq has
identified at least 110 prospects from previous seismic work in this
region near the Jordanian and Saudi borders. In late 2000, India's ONGC
was awarded Block 8 in the Western Desert region. Oil Export Pipelines/Terminals On August 20, 1998, Iraq and Syria (which reopened their border in June 1997 -- after a 17-year closure -- for trade and official visits) signed a memorandum of understanding for the possible reopening of the 50-year-old, rusting Banias oil pipeline from Iraq's northern Kirkuk oil fields to Syria's Mediterranean port of Banias (and Tripoli, Lebanon). As of March 2002, the pipeline reportedly was being used (see above), and there also was talk of building a new, parallel pipeline as a replacement. In order to optimize export capabilities, Iraq constructed a reversible, 1.4-MMBD "Strategic Pipeline" in 1975. This pipeline consists of two parallel 700,000-bbl/d lines. The North-South system allows for export of northern Kirkuk crude from the Persian Gulf and for southern Rumaila crudes to be shipped through Turkey. During the Gulf War, the Strategic Pipeline was disabled after the K-3 pumping station at Haditha as well as four additional southern pumping stations were destroyed. In early 2001, Iraqi oil ministry officials claimed that the pipeline had been rehabilitated, providing Iraq with increased export flexibility. However, a UN assessment team which visited Iraq in March 2001 concluded that the country's downstream sector "had declined seriously in many respects" over the past 18 months, including increased leakage from pipelines, particularly the North-South "Strategic" line. In the Persian Gulf, Iraq has three tanker terminals: at Mina al-Bakr, Khor al-Amaya, and Khor al-Zubair (which mainly handles dry goods). Iraq also has additional dry goods ports at Basra and at Umm Qasr, which is being outfitted to accommodate crude tankers. Mina al-Bakr is Iraq's largest oil terminal, with four 400,000-bbl/d capacity berths capable of handling very large crude carriers (VLCCs). Gulf War damage to Mina al-Bakr appears to have been repaired in large part and the terminal currently can handle up to 1.3-1.4 MMBD. A full return to Mina al-Bakr's nameplate capacity apparently would require extensive infrastructure repairs. Mina al-Bakr also is constrained by a shortage of storage and oil processing facilities, most of which were destroyed in the Gulf War. Iraq's Khor al-Amaya terminal was heavily damaged during the
Iran-Iraq War (and completely destroyed during Operation Desert Storm
in 1991) and has been out of commission since then. As of March 2001,
reports indicated that Iraq had largely completed repairing two berths at
Khor al-Amaya. According to the Iraqi Oil Ministry, the terminal, with
export capacity of 500,000-700,000 bbl/d, would "soon be ready to receive
oil tankers." Upon full completion of repairs, Iraq projects Khor
al-Amaya's capacity will rise to 1.2 MMBD, and will help prevent delays at
Mina al-Bakr while repairs are conducted there. Iraq will need UN Security
Council approval to export from Khor al-Amaya, since it is not part of the
approved export outlet of Mina al-Bakr. Refining NATURAL GAS Main sources of associated natural gas are the Kirkuk, Ain Zalah, Butma, and Bai Hassan oil fields in northern Iraq, as well as the North and South Rumaila and Zubair fields in the south. The Southern Area Gas Project was completed in 1985, but was not brought online until February 1990. It has nine gathering stations and a larger processing capacity of 1.5 billion cubic feet per day. Natural gas gathered from the North and South Rumaila and Zubair fields is carried via pipeline to a 575-Mmcf/d natural gas liquids (NGL) fractionation plant in Zubair and a 100-Mmcf/d processing plant in Basra. At Khor al-Zubair, a 17.5-million-cubic-foot LPG storage tank farm and loading terminals were added to the southern gas system in 1990. In November 2000, the Siberian-Urals Petrochemical Company (Sibur) reportedly submitted a plan to utilize associated natural gas from Iraq's southern oil fields. Iraq's only non-associated natural gas production is from the al-Anfal field (200 Mmcf/d of output) in northern Iraq. Al-Anfal production is piped to the Jambur gas processing station near the Kirkuk field, which is 20 miles away. Al-Anfal's gas resources are estimated at 4.5 Tcf, of which 1.8 Tcf is proven. In December 2001, Russia's Gazprom reportedly was negotiating possible development of al-Anfal. In November 2001, a large non-associated natural gas field reportedly was discovered in the Akas region of western Iraq, near the border with Syria, and containing an estimated 2.1 Tcf of natural gas reserves. In August 2001, Iraqi oil minister Rashid announced that Iraq had reached an agreement with Turkey to build a $2.5 billion gas pipeline to Turkey, and possibly on to Europe. Iraq aims to increase its natural gas exports to Europe, and Turkey could be a key transit center. Iraq also would like to export natural gas to Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. ELECTRIC POWER According to a report by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, Iraq's power deficit stood at 1,800 MW as of August 2000, with blackouts a common occurrence. Iraq reportedly has signed contracts for renovating two generation units at the Harithah power plant, and another to rebuild the Yusufiyah plant, which stopped operating in 1990. Iraq's Electricity Authority reportedly also has signed several other contracts with Chinese, Swiss, French, and Russian companies, to build 3,000 MW of additional power generating capacity. These contracts require UN approval, and Iraq has claimed that the United States and Britain are blocking $1.5 billion worth of electrical equipment it has requested. In December 2000, it was reported that a Chinese company had completed work on the Abdullah power plant north of Baghdad. In October 2001, it was reported that Russia's Mosenergomontazh was working to modernize Iraq's Southern Heat and Power Plant in Najibia, Basra province. The project aims to add 200 MW of generating capacity to Iraq's grid, with work scheduled for completion in mid-2002. Sources for this report include: Agence France Presse; Associated Press; BBC Summary of World Broadcasts; Business Week; CIA World Factbook 2001; Dow Jones; Economist Intelligence Unit; Financial Times; Gulf News; Hart's Africa Oil and Gas; Interfax News Agency; Janet Matthews Information Services (Quest Economic Database); Los Angeles Times; Middle East Economic Survey; New York Times; Oil & Gas Journal; Oil Daily; Petroleum Economist; Petroleum Intelligence Weekly; Platt's Oilgram News; Reuters News Wire; Russian Oil and Gas Report; UN Office of the Iraq Programme; U.S. Energy Information Administration; U.S. Department of State; Washington Post; Weekly Petroleum Argus; World Markets Online. COUNTRY OVERVIEW ECONOMIC OVERVIEW ENERGY OVERVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW * The total energy consumption statistic includes petroleum, dry
natural gas, coal, net hydro, nuclear, geothermal, solar, wind, wood and
waste electric power. The renewable energy consumption statistic is based
on International Energy Agency (IEA) data and includes hydropower, solar,
wind, tide, geothermal, solid biomass and animal products, biomass gas and
liquids, industrial and municipal wastes. Sectoral shares of energy
consumption and carbon emissions are also based on IEA data. For more information on Iraq, see these other sources on the
EIA web site: Links to other U.S. government sites: UN Office of the Iraq
Program
If you liked this Country Analysis Brief or any of our many other Country Analysis Briefs, you can be automatically notified via e-mail of updates. Simply click here, select "international" and the specific list(s) you would like to join, and follow the instructions. You will then be notified within an hour of any updates to our Country Analysis Briefs. Return to Country Analysis Briefs home page File last modified: March 27, 2002 Contact: Lowell FeldIf you are having technical problems with this site, please contact the EIA Webmaster at wmaster@eia.doe.gov |